Indian Old Coins – History, Value, Identification, Buying & Selling

Indian old and new coins reflect the nation’s rich monetary history, spanning ancient empires to modern minting technology. Old coins are valued for their rarity, metal content, and historical importance, while new commemorative coins attract collectors for their unique themes and limited releases. Identification involves checking mint marks, inscriptions, weight, and condition to verify authenticity. The value of Indian coins varies based on age, rarity, demand, and preservation. Enthusiasts can buy and sell coins through certified dealers, numismatic auctions, online marketplaces, and coin exhibitions. With proper knowledge, both old and new Indian coins offer strong collectible and investment potential.

Old India coins represent not only currency but a rich cultural heritage and history spanning thousands of years. From ancient punch-marked coins to modern-day commemorative and circulating coins, Indian coins reflect the economic, political, and artistic evolution of the subcontinent. Collectors and historians alike treasure Indian coins for their intricate designs, historical significance, and investment potential.

History of Old India Coins

The history of Indian coins reflects the nation’s rich cultural, economic, and political evolution spanning over 2,500 years. The earliest known coins in India, called Punch Marked Coins (PMC), appeared around the 6th century BCE during the Mahajanapada period. These coins, made of silver and copper, featured symbols punched onto their surfaces, representing kingdoms and trade guilds. During the Mauryan Empire (321–185 BCE), coinage became standardized, enhancing trade across the subcontinent. The Kushan and Gupta dynasties introduced beautifully crafted gold coins, showcasing deities and kings, symbolizing prosperity and artistry. The arrival of Islamic rulers in medieval India brought Arabic and Persian inscriptions on coins, reflecting religious and dynastic influences. Under the Mughal Empire, coinage reached artistic perfection, especially under Akbar, who issued gold, silver, and copper coins with intricate calligraphy. The British colonial era introduced uniform coinage across India, with Queen Victoria’s portrait appearing on coins after 1858. Post-independence in 1947, India issued its own series featuring national symbols like the Lion Capital of Ashoka. Over the decades, coinage evolved with changes in metal composition, design, and denominations. Today, Old Indian coins stand as enduring symbols of the nation’s heritage, sovereignty, and economic progress.

Ancient Coins of India

The Ancient Coins of India reflect the nation’s deep numismatic legacy and historical evolution, tracing back to the 6th century BCE. The earliest punch-marked coins made of silver and copper were issued by the Mahajanapadas, Pandyas, Cholas, and later the Mauryan Empire. Successive dynasties like the Indo-Greeks, Satavahanas, Kushans, and Guptas introduced artistically designed coins depicting kings, deities, and sacred symbols. These ancient Indian coins provide valuable insights into the trade, economy, religion, and art of early civilizations. Admired by collectors and historians, India’s ancient coins stand as timeless treasures of cultural and economic history.

Types of Ancient Indian Coins

The types of ancient Indian coins reflect the rich and diverse history of India’s monetary system. Early coins included punch-marked coins, made of silver or copper during the Mauryan period, engraved with unique symbols. Later, cast and die-struck coins emerged under various dynasties, showcasing deities, animals, and royal insignias. The Kushan and Gupta empires introduced gold coins highlighting kings and gods, symbolizing prosperity and power. Regional kingdoms like the Cholas, Satavahanas, and Indo-Greeks issued their own distinct coins, representing cultural diversity and trade influence. These ancient Indian coins offer valuable insights into the economic and artistic heritage of early India.

Old Indian coins can be broadly classified into several categories based on period and dynasty:

1. Punch-Marked Coins (6th–2nd century BCE)

  • First standardized coins of India

  • Punch-marked coins are considered the earliest form of currency in India, dating back to the 6th century BCE during the Mahajanapada period. These coins were made of silver and sometimes copper, characterized by multiple symbols punched on their surface rather than inscriptions. Each symbol, such as animals, geometric designs, or religious motifs, represented authority, trade guilds, or ruling dynasties. Widely used across northern India and south india, punch-marked coins reflect the early development of trade, economy, and monetary systems. Their simple yet unique design highlights the transition from barter to coinage, making them an important part of ancient Indian numismatic history.

2. Mauryan Coins (322–185 BCE)

  • Issued during Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka

  • Silver punch-marked coins continued

  • Featured symbols of state authority, elephants, and trees

  • Played a role in unifying trade under the Mauryan Empire

  • Mauryan Coins:

  • Mauryan coins hold a significant place in ancient Indian history, showcasing the rich cultural and economic development of the Mauryan Empire (322–185 BCE). These coins were primarily punch-marked and made of silver, featuring symbols like animals, the sun, trees, and geometric patterns that represented prosperity, trade, and authority. Unlike inscribed coins of later periods, Mauryan coins relied on unique symbols to convey meaning. They played a vital role in facilitating trade across regions, strengthening the empire’s economy. Today, Mauryan coins are valuable for historians and collectors, offering deep insights into early monetary systems and ancient Indian civilization.

    3. Sangam Age Coins (500 BCE 300 CE)

    The Sangam Age Chera, Chola, and Pandya coins represent the economic strength and cultural richness of early South Indian dynasties. Issued between 500 BCE and 300 CE, these coins were primarily made of copper and silver, showcasing dynastic symbols, punch-marked designs, elephants, bows, fish, and other motifs unique to each kingdom. The Chera coins often displayed the bow and arrow, Chola coins depicted the tiger, while Pandya coins carried the fish emblem. Widely used in trade and commerce, these coins highlight the flourishing maritime connections of Tamilakam with Rome, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia, making them vital historical evidence.

4. Indo-Greek Coins (2nd century BCE – 1st century CE)

Indo-Greek coins are an important part of ancient numismatic history, reflecting the cultural and economic interactions between India and Greece from the 2nd century BCE to the 1st century CE. These coins often feature Greek inscriptions alongside Indian scripts such as Kharosthi and Brahmi, and display a mix of Greek gods, kings, and Indian symbols. The designs on Indo-Greek coins highlight the fusion of Hellenistic and Indian artistic traditions, offering valuable insights into trade, politics, and religion of the era. Today, collectors and historians consider Indo-Greek coins highly significant, as they provide a tangible link to the ancient civilizations that shaped early Indian history.

  • Introduced by Indo-Greek kings in northwestern India

  • Featured realistic portraits of rulers

  • Bilingual inscriptions in Greek and Prakrit

  • Depicted gods like Zeus, Athena, and Indian deities

    Shunga Coins

    Shunga coins are significant numismatic treasures from the ancient Shunga Dynasty, which ruled parts of Northern and Central India around 185–73 BCE. These coins are known for their distinctive punch-marked designs, symbolic motifs, and early Brahmi inscriptions that reflect the dynasty’s artistic excellence and political power. Made primarily of copper, silver, and bronze, Shunga coins often feature symbols like trees, animals, railings, and geometric patterns. Collectors value them for their historical importance, craftsmanship, and rarity. Today, Shunga coins hold a vital place in Indian numismatics, providing insights into trade, economy, and cultural evolution during the post-Mauryan period.

5. Kushan Coins (1st–4th century CE)

Kushan Coins, dating from the 1st to 4th centuries CE, are remarkable symbols of the Kushan Empire’s wealth, artistry, and cultural fusion. Struck in gold, silver, and copper, these coins display portraits of rulers like Kanishka and feature deities such as Buddha, Shiva, and Mithra, reflecting the empire’s religious diversity. The inscriptions, often in Greek and Bactrian, highlight the Kushans’ extensive trade across India, Central Asia, and the Silk Route. Known for their fine craftsmanship and historical significance, Kushan Coins provide valuable insights into ancient governance, economy, and the cultural synthesis that defined one of India’s greatest empires.

  • Issued under Kanishka and other Kushan rulers

  • Mainly gold and copper coins

  • Displayed Indian, Greek, Persian, and Buddhist deities

  • Evidence of India’s role in the Silk Road trade

6. Gupta Coins (4th–6th century CE)

The Gupta Coins stand as a timeless symbol of India’s golden age, reflecting the wealth, artistry, and cultural sophistication of the Gupta Empire (320–550 CE). Crafted in gold, silver, and copper, these coins exhibit extraordinary craftsmanship, intricate motifs, and spiritual symbolism. The renowned gold dinars feature emperors such as Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, and Chandragupta II portrayed in heroic or royal postures, celebrating their victories and divine authority. The reverse sides often depict Hindu deities like Lakshmi, Vishnu, and Kartikeya, representing prosperity, protection, and valor. Beyond their economic function, Gupta coins served as powerful instruments of imperial propaganda, showcasing the empire’s stability, artistic excellence, and religious harmony. Discovered across India, they provide valuable evidence of ancient trade networks, governance, and metallurgy. Today, Gupta coins are treasured by historians and collectors worldwide for their beauty, historical depth, and contribution to India’s numismatic legacy.

  • Considered the golden age of Indian coinage

  • Issued by rulers like Samudragupta and Chandragupta II

  • Featured detailed portraits, hunting scenes, and Hindu deities

  • Mostly made of high-quality gold, symbolizing prosperity

7. Satavahana Coins (1st century BCE – 3rd century CE)

The Satavahana coins in north India(1st century BCE – 3rd century CE) reflect the rich cultural, economic, and political heritage of ancient India. Made of lead, copper, and silver, these coins featured symbols like ships, elephants, and the Ujjain symbol, highlighting trade and maritime power. Inscriptions in Prakrit and Brahmi scripts showcased regional influence and royal authority. Satavahana coinage played a vital role in promoting commerce across the Deccan and beyond, linking India’s early monetary systems to its expanding trade routes and vibrant urban economy.

  • Issued in lead, copper, and silver

  • Featured motifs like elephants, ships, and stupas

  • Depicted early trade and maritime activities

    Cheras

    Chera coins represent the rich economic and cultural heritage of the ancient Tamil Chera dynasty, which ruled parts of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. These coins, made of silver, copper, and lead, often feature the Chera emblem of the bow and arrow, symbolizing royal authority and power. Many also include Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions and images of elephants, showing artistic and regional significance. Discovered mainly in Karur and Kodungallur, Chera coins reveal their strong trade connections with Rome and Arabia. These ancient coins are valuable archaeological artifacts that highlight the Cheras’ prosperity, maritime trade, and influence in South Indian history.

    Later Cholas

    The Later Chola coins are significant historical artifacts that highlight the power, prosperity, and artistic excellence of the Chola Empire during its later period between the 10th and 13th centuries CE. Issued by rulers such as Rajaraja Chola I and Rajendra Chola I, these coins were minted in gold, silver, and copper, reflecting the dynasty’s wealth and trade expansion. Most Later Chola coins featured the tiger emblem, symbolizing royal authority, along with inscriptions in Tamil and Nagari scripts mentioning the king’s name or titles. Some coins also depicted deities and temple motifs, showcasing the Cholas’ deep religious devotion. Used widely for both domestic and overseas trade, these coins provide valuable insights into the economic and maritime strength of the empire. Today, Later Chola coins are prized by historians and collectors for their detailed craftsmanship and their role in preserving the rich numismatic and cultural heritage of Tamil Nadu.

    Later Pandya coins

    The Later Pandyas coins reflect the rich heritage and economic power of the Pandya dynasty during its revival from the 13th century onward. These coins commonly featured the iconic twin fish emblem, symbolizing authority and prosperity, along with Tamil inscriptions and stylised deity motifs. Issued mainly in silver, copper, and billon, they circulated widely across Tamil Nadu and parts of Sri Lanka, supporting trade and administration. Today, Later Pandyas coins are highly valued in Indian numismatics for their artistic designs, historical importance, and rarity, making them sought-after collectibles for researchers and coin collectors.

    Shakas Coins

    Shakas coin is a fascinating ancient currency that reflects the rich heritage of the Shaka dynasty. Known for its unique symbols and historical value, the Shakas coin attracts collectors and history enthusiasts. Its rarity, cultural significance, and intricate designs make it a valuable addition to numismatic collections worldwide.

    and Western Kshatrapas issued coins in western India

    Rashtrakutas and Chalukyas continued coinage traditions

    Western Kshatrapas coins

    Western Kshatrapas coins are significant numismatic pieces issued by the powerful Western Satraps who ruled parts of western India between the 1st and 4th centuries CE. These coins are well-known for their detailed ruler portraits, bilingual inscriptions in Brahmi and Greek-derived scripts, and symbols reflecting political authority and cultural fusion. Typically minted in silver, Western Kshatrapa coins feature legends naming rulers like Nahapana and Rudradaman I, making them essential historical records. Collectors value these coins for their artistry, rarity, and clarity of inscriptions. Today, Western Kshatrapas coins remain crucial for understanding ancient trade, governance, and cultural evolution in early India.

    Pallava coins

    Pallava coins are remarkable numismatic artifacts issued by the influential Pallava dynasty, which ruled parts of South India from the 4th to 9th centuries CE. These coins, primarily struck in copper and gold, showcase iconic motifs such as the bull (Nandi), lion, chakra, and lamps—symbols closely linked to Pallava culture and Shaivism. Their inscriptions in early Tamil and Grantha scripts provide valuable insights into regional language development and royal lineage. Highly sought after by collectors, Pallava coins reflect the dynasty’s artistic excellence, economic strength, and maritime trade connections. Today, they serve as vital evidence of South India’s rich political and cultural heritage.

    Materials Used in Ancient Coins

    • Gold Coins → Symbol of wealth and royal power (Guptas, Kushans)

    • Silver Coins → Used for trade and taxation (Mauryas, Satavahanas)

    • Copper Coins → Circulated among common people

    • Lead Coins → Rare but seen in southern dynasties

    Numismatics and Collecting Ancient Coins

    The study of coins, called Numismatics, helps historians reconstruct India’s past. Today, ancient coins are highly valued by collectors and museums. Some rare coins, like Gupta gold coins and Indo-Greek silver drachmas, are considered priceless treasures.

    • Gupta Coins: Gold coins featuring kings, deities, and intricate motifs.

    • Kushan Coins: Coins depicting rulers like Kanishka and Buddhist symbols.

    3. Medieval Indian Coins (700–1526 CE)

    Medieval Indian Coins (700–1526 CE) represent one of the most dynamic phases in the history of Indian numismatics, showcasing the artistic excellence, political power, and economic evolution of early medieval kingdoms. During this period, major dynasties such as the Chalukyas, Cholas, Rashtrakutas, Rajputs, Delhi Sultanate, and Vijayanagara Empire issued distinctive coins in gold, silver, and copper. These coins carried royal emblems, deity motifs, calligraphic Persian inscriptions, and intricate regional symbols that reflect the cultural diversity of the subcontinent. The introduction of the tanka and jital systems under the Delhi Sultans marked a major transition in standardized currency. Meanwhile, South Indian dynasties minted remarkable gold coins like the Chola “Kasu” and Vijayanagara “Varaha,” admired by collectors for their purity and craftsmanship. Medieval Indian coins also provide valuable insights into trade networks, maritime commerce, religious influence, and political consolidation. Today, they remain highly sought-after artifacts for researchers, historians, and numismatists, offering a tangible link to India’s rich medieval past. For collectors and enthusiasts, studying these coins helps decode centuries of economic development, artistic innovation, and dynastic legacy that shaped India between 700 and 1526 CE.

    Old South Indian

    • Chola

      Medieval Chola Coins highlight the economic power and artistic excellence of the Chola Empire (9th–13th centuries CE). Minted in gold, silver, and copper, these coins feature the tiger emblem and Tamil inscriptions, offering valuable insights into royal authority, temple economies, and extensive medieval South Indian trade networks.

    • Pandya

    • Chera

    • Hoysala

    • Vijayanagara (Varaha, Pagoda)

    North Indian & Regional

    • Rajput Kingdom Coins

    • Kashmir Kings

    • Gahadavala Coins

    Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526)

    • Slave Dynasty Coins

    • Khilji Coins

    • Tughlaq Coins

    • Sayyid Coins

    • Lodi Coins

    ✅ 4. Mughal Coins (1526–1857)

    • Gold Mohur

    • Silver Rupee

    • Copper Dam

    • Famous Mughal coins:

      • Akbar “Ilahi” coins

      • Jahangir Zodiac coins

      • Shah Jahan Rupees

      • Aurangzeb Rupees

    ✅ 5. Princely State Coins (150+ States)

    Examples:

    • Hyderabad (Rupee, Paisa)

    • Travancore (Chuckram, Fanam)

    • Mysore (Pagoda, Paisa)

    • Jaipur

    • Gwalior

    • Baroda

    • Kutch

    • Alwar
      If you want I can prepare a full princely state list also.

    ✅ 6. British Indian Coins (1835–1947)

    A. East India Company (1835–1858)

    • Silver: 1 Rupee, ½ Rupee, ¼ Rupee

    • Copper: 1 Pice, ½ Pice, ¼ Anna

    B. British Crown Rule (1858–1947)

    Queen Victoria (1862–1901)

    • 1 Rupee, ½ Rupee, ¼ Rupee

    • 1 Anna, 2 Anna, 4 Anna

    • 1 Pice, ½ Pice, ¼ Anna

    King Edward VII (1903–1910)
    King George V (1911–1936)
    King George VI (1938–1947)

    Coin denominations:

    • Silver: 1 Rupee, ½ Rupee, ¼ Rupee

    • Nickel/Bronze: 1 Anna, 2 Anna, ¼ Anna

    • Copper: Pice

    ✅ 7. Republic of India Coins (1950–Present)

    A. Anna–Pice System (1950–1957)

    • 1 Pice

    • 1 Anna

    • 2 Anna

    • 4 Anna

    • 8 Anna (½ Rupee)

    • 1 Rupee (Silver until 1947, then Nickel)

    B. Decimal Coinage (1957–Present)

    Paise Coins (Naya Paisa Period)

    • 1 Naya Paisa

    • 2 Naya Paisa

    • 5 Naya Paisa

    • 10 Naya Paisa

    • 25 Naya Paisa

    • 50 Naya Paisa

    • 1 Rupee

    Post-Naya Paisa (1964–1990)

    • 1 Paisa

    • 2 Paisa

    • 3 Paisa

    • 5 Paisa

    • 10 Paisa

    • 20 Paisa

    • 25 Paisa

    • 50 Paisa

    • ₹1

    Modern Indian Coins by Series

    1. Lion Capital Series (1957–2004)

    • 1p, 2p, 3p, 5p

    • 10p, 20p, 25p, 50p

    • ₹1, ₹2, ₹5

    2. Unity in Diversity Series (2004–2010)

    • 50p

    • ₹1

    • ₹2

    • ₹5

    3. Rupee Symbol Series (2011–Present)

    • 50p

    • ₹1

    • ₹2

    • ₹5

    • ₹10 (Bimetallic)

    • ₹20 (12-sided coin, 2020 onward)

    ✅ 8. Complete List of Indian Commemorative Coins (1964–2024)

    Denominations Issued

    • ₹1 Commemorative

    • ₹2 Commemorative

    • ₹5 Commemorative

    • ₹10 Commemorative

    • ₹20 Commemorative

    • ₹25 Commemorative (rare)

    • ₹75 Commemorative

    • ₹100 Commemorative

    • ₹125 Commemorative

    • ₹150 Commemorative

    • ₹300, ₹500, ₹1000, ₹2000 Coins (Proof/Silver/Uncirculated)

    Main Themes

    • Birth Anniversaries

    • Death Centenaries

    • National Leaders

    • UNESCO sites

    • Freedom Movement

    • Sports Events

    • Technology/Science

    • International Conferences

    • Indian Constitution

    Popular examples:

    • 1982 Asian Games ₹2

    • 1989 Jawaharlal Nehru Centenary ₹5

    • 1996 Indira Gandhi ₹100

    • 2009 Mahatma Gandhi ₹150

    • 2010 Mother Teresa ₹5 & ₹100

    • 2020 RBI Platinum Jubilee ₹20

    • 2021 Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose ₹75

    • 2023 Parliament ₹75

    ✅ 9. Latest Indian Coins (2020–2024)

    • New ₹20 twelve-sided coin

    • New series of ₹1, ₹2, ₹5, ₹10

    • ₹75, ₹100, ₹150, ₹125 commemoratives

    • ₹1000 commemorative coins

      Types of India Coins

      1. Circulating Coins:
        These coins are used daily in India and come in denominations like ₹1, ₹2, ₹5, and ₹10. They are usually made of stainless steel or nickel-brass.

      2. Commemorative Coins:
        Issued to honor significant events, anniversaries, or personalities. Examples include coins for Mahatma Gandhi, India’s Independence anniversaries, and festivals.

      3. Bullion Coins:
        Precious metal coins made from gold or silver, often minted for collectors or investment purposes.

      4. Old Coins:
        Coins no longer in circulation, such as pre-independence or discontinued series, are highly collectible and often sold at auctions.

      Rare and Collectible India Coins

      Certain India coins are highly sought after by collectors due to rarity, age, or historical significance. Examples include:

      • 1918-22 One Rupee British India Coins

      • 1947 Independence Commemorative Coins

      • Limited edition commemorative coins issued by the Government of India

      Collectors look for coins in excellent condition (mint or uncirculated) to maximize value.

      Factors Affecting India Coin Value

      The value of an Indian coin depends on:

      1. Rarity: Coins with low mintage are more valuable.

      2. Condition: Uncirculated or mint condition coins are prized.

      3. Metal Content: Coins made of silver, gold, or other precious metals have intrinsic value.

      4. Historical Significance: Coins from important historical events or eras attract collectors.

      Tips for India Coin Collectors

      • Always store coins in protective cases to prevent damage.

      • Research the coin’s history and mintage before purchasing.

      • Attend coin exhibitions and auctions to find rare coins.

      • Keep track of coin market trends to maximize investment returns.

      A Brief History of Indian Coins

      In ancient times, coins were made from precious metals like gold and silver. The earliest known coins in India date back to around 600 BC. They were small disks made from these metals, often featuring symbols or images. Have you ever wondered how these simple pieces of metal turned into what we use today?

      As time marched on, various dynasties came and went, each leaving its mark on the coins produced. For instance, the Mauryan Empire introduced unique coins that reflected their artistry. Each coin wasn’t just currency; it was a story, a snapshot of the era. Isn’t it amazing to think of how much history can be found in something as small as a coin?

      The Modern Landscape of Indian Currency

      Today, Indian coins are available in denominations of 1, 2, 5, and 10 rupees. These coins aren't just practical tools for transactions; they also showcase India's diversity. Each coin features different symbols, images, and inscriptions that represent various aspects of Indian culture. From the national emblem to portraits of famous figures, coins tell a story of unity in diversity.

      Can you picture how Indians carry a piece of their heritage with them every day, jingling in their pockets? Each coin is like a mini-museum, showcasing the incredible journey of India.

      Collecting Indian Coins: A Hobby with Depth

      Coin collecting, or numismatics, is a popular hobby globally, but Indian coins hold a special allure. Collectors seek rare coins that tell unique stories. Have you ever thought about the thrill of hunting down a rare piece? It’s like a treasure hunt where each find brings joy and satisfaction.

      Some collectors focus on ancient coins, while others prefer modern commemorative coins that celebrate significant events. This hobby not only connects you to history but can also be a wise investment. A rare Indian coin today might be worth much more in the future.

      The Role of Coins in Indian Culture

      Coins are not just for transactions in India; they play a role in rituals and traditions too. For instance, giving coins as gifts is common during festivals and weddings. It symbolizes prosperity and good luck.

      Imagine the sound of clinking coins during a wedding ceremony. That sound carries hopes and wishes for a bright future. Coins have a resonance beyond their face value, making them integral to life in India.

      Coins as Art: Design and Craftsmanship

      The design of Indian coins is a blend of art and functionality. Each coin boasts intricate designs that reflect the nation's artistry. From floral patterns to portraits, every detail matters. Isn’t it impressive how a simple coin can be a canvas for expression?

      The Reserve Bank of India regularly introduces new designs, keeping the allure alive. Collectors and casual observers alike appreciate the craftsmanship that goes into creating each coin. It’s like holding a piece of art in your hand.

      Conclusion: More Than Just Money

      Indian coins are more than mere currency; they’re snapshots of history, culture, and craftsmanship. Every time you flip a coin, remember it tells a tale. Whether you're a collector or just curious about their history, coins connect us to our roots. So next time you hold a coin in your hand, think about the rich tapestry of stories it carries. Isn't that a fascinating perspective to have on something so simple?

      About Rare Old Indian Coins List Price Republic India coins

      A coin is a peace of flat metal. It is disc in shape used as a form of money. The value of the coin was determined from the intrinsic value of the metal modern coins. They are made of base metal and their value comes strictly from their status as flat money.

      These coins have standard weight size and purity with an identification mark or symbol. It has a legal tender (ie) a medium of payment allowed by a law or recognized by a legal system.

      Numismatics in India

      Numismatics is the study of coins. This is important for studying history, especially ancient history. It confirms, modifies and amplifies history. A country's political and economic history is to a large extent framed by numismatics and historical facts are often confirmed or disproved by numismatic findings. Numismatics has revealed to us many facts relating to the administration, historical geography and religious history of ancient India. Coins of other countries found in India and our coins found elsewhere help to link events with dates in history. They are very useful in dating.

      The introduction of coins is a landmark in the history of civilization. Coins served the purpose of currency. This continued even after paper money was introduced by a private bank in Sweden in the 17th century AD. In subsequent years, paper money was introduced by other countries. Coins in smaller denominations are still used as change to facilitate transactions. If they remain current, they are still valuable as historical documents. They imagine the life and story of their times before us. Coins reveal many facts about the rulers, names, dynasties, their policies and achievements that issued them. They also have aesthetic and artistic value. They reflect the craftsmanship of the artists of that day and the aesthetic taste of the people of their time.

      The evolution of Coinage

      Pre-historic people had to produce their necessities by the effort of their own labour.  As civilisation advanced and animals were domesticated, the practice a barter came into vogue. For example, a cultivator could get from a weaver, a piece of cloth in exchange for a quantity of his own produce.  But a drawback in the barter system is that it requires the coincidence of the respective needs of the parties concerned, viz. the buyer and the seller – in economics it is called double coincidence of wants.

      Objects such as cowry shells used as ornaments in early human society were also used as a medium of exchange. Gradually these were replaced by metal pieces and the use of this medium of exchange eventually led to the introduction of coins.

      A coin is a piece of metal having a definite shape and weight and bearing recognized symbols on its face impressed upon it by a responsible authority. They state the value on its face.  Coins of the same face value are uniform, unless the designs are changed deliberately at certain periods of time.

      Material used for coinage

      Coins of cowrie shells and other material like leather have been issued at certain points of time.  The metal value of coins of larger denominations and their intrinsic value used to be equal. Coins of the same face value usually have uniform intrinsic value, unless this is changed deliberately at certain periods of time. 

      The first attempt at token currency was by Sultan Muhammad Bin Tughlak who issued leather coins.  This was a fiasco, since people were not ready to accept such coins.  He was too far ahead of his time. When the country went through bad times the intrinsic value used to suffer.

      Various metals have been used for minting in different periods. Lead was used in Roman Egypt and in Denmark as later as the 17th Century AD.  In ancient India, the Andhra Satavahanas used lead for minting coins. Tin was used in Rome.  Tin Half-pennies and farthing were coins current in England up to 1692 AD.  Brass was used by the early Roman Emperors and nickel by the kings of Bactria (present North Afghanistan – Tajikistan) after 200 BC. In Japan, even in recent times, iron was used for minting coins.  The other metals used were electrum (An alloy of gold and silver), potin (an alloy of copper, zinc, lead and silver) and bullion (gold or silver with a large amount of base metal). Gold, silver, copper and bronze are generally used by a large number of countries for minting coins. Aluminum, Nickel and Stainless Steel have been used in Free India.

      Old and New Coins of Indian Republic with Detail Information

      India became free and independent from the British domination in the year 1947.  But it didn’t issue its coins till it declared herself as a Republic India.  New Indian coins were issued first in 1950 on the Third anniversary of Independence, on 15th August.  Old Indian coins followed the Indo-English coins in respect of their value, weight, metal and fabric. The designs were drastically changed to do away with the vestiges of foreign domination and to adopt in their place.  Symbols of these coins represent India’s past glory and the hopes and aspirations for the future.  The effigy of the British monarch was replaced by the representation of the lion capital of Ashoka’s pillar at Saranath, the symbol of non-violence and peace on the obverse of all coins. 

      The super inscription Government of India took the place of the name of the king. On the reverse of the coins of rupee, half rupee and quarter rupee denominations, a new motif, a pair of ears of wheat was placed on the two sides of the English numerals showing the value.  The value was also shown above in Hindi and below in English and the date below the latter the rupee coins had a milled edge.  The reverse of two-annas, one-annas and half-anna was adorned with the figure of a bull adapted from the base of the lion-capital on the paise coin, the figure of horse, which is another symbol on the base of the capital was placed on the reverse.  The first three coins were made in pure nickel, the next three coins in cupronickel and the pice in bronze.

      The metric or decimal system was introduced in various spheres of Indian life in 1957. Consequently, the value of Indian money was row reckoned in this new system.  It indicates the value which was reckoned in terms of multiples of ten. But this system probably didn’t favour with the people and soon it was abandoned again in the fourteenth century in the time of the Khilji and Tughlaq sultans of Delhi, a pentanic system of coinage was introduced. It was akin to the decimal system in Mughal period, Akbar issued coins in the pentanic-cum-decimal system.  

      Even the English had considered introducing of decimal coinage.  The mint of fort St. George had mooted the idea of minting coins.  It represents the hundredth part of an anna.  It became the proposal for the abolition of the Madras mint and the idea didn’t materialize. The English administrators of India had planned to issue dollars on the American pattern in 1941. All things were finalized and mints were ready with the dies to strike them.  But Mahatma Gandhi vehemently opposed the proposal.  His condemnation of the proposal left no way out to the Government.  But hey shelve the idea silently after independence, our leaders and administrators began to think and see everything in terms of internationalism.  They found fault with the quaternary system of our money.  It had prevailed more than two thousand years and served the purpose well.   They introduced the metric system.  It had originated in France and had been gradually adopted by most of the countries of the world.

      Republic Indian rupee Coins, retained its original value but instead of being divided into 64 pice as hitherto, it was divided into 100 units called paisa.  Later it became the primary unit of Indian currency. The old Indian coins and new Indian coins would remain in circulation, the new coin paisa would be called Naya Paisa to distinguish it from the old pice.  This system came into effect on 1 April 1957 and continued tile 1st June 1964.  The words naya and naye in relation to paisa and paise were dropped. The equivalents of half rupee and quarter rupee were retained in their original round shape and in pure nickel with the new designations 50 paise and 25 paise coins of new denominations of 10, 5 and 2 paise were introduced in cupro-nickel and one paisa in bronze. The earlier designs of all the denominations were slightly changed.  The word India in English and Bharat in Hindi appeared on the right and left of the Ashoka pillar capital replacing Government of India.  The reverse design for the Rupee coin remained almost the same with the modification that now only rupaya instead of Ek rupaya was used in Hindi. The ears of wheat were replaced by the ears of corn.  The reverse of other coins were also completely changed.  The value in English numerals was placed in the centre in bold letters and the denominations were mentioned in two forms now. The fractional relationship of the coin to the Rupee was indicated on the top.  The words naye paise were placed below the numeral and below it was the date.

      A new coin Aluminum magnesium alloy 3.5% of magnesium and the remainder aluminum of the three paise was introduced in July 1964. It’s shape was hexagonal. Another coin of twenty paise was introduced in aluminum bronze in the year 1968 of April. It was made up of 92% if copper, 2% of nickel and 6% of aluminum the coin of 25paise was suspended. In January 1972, the 20 paise coin was dropped and the minting of 25 paise coin was resumed. But this time they were issued in cupro-nickel (75% copper and 25% nickel) in place of pure nickel. These Republic Indian coins were now in the denominations of 50 paise, 25 paise, 10 paise, 3 paise, 2 paise and 1 paise.  But later the coins of the last four denominations were gradually dropped as they lost their monetary utility. Due to the sudden increase in the princes of copper and nickel to eliminate the risk of diversion of the coins through melting and otherwise an account of their metallic value tending to increase beyond their face value changes in the metal and alloy composition were made from time to time after 1962.  In that year the bronze 1 paise was replaced by nickel brass (copper 79%, Zinc 20% nickel 1%) Aluminium – Magnesium alloy was used for this coin in October 1965. Its shape was changed from round to square with rounded corners. This new alloy was for 2-paise coins from July 1965 and for 5 paise coins from January 1967. In April 1968.  The Introduction of the 20 paise coins in Aluminium bronze, the 10 paise coins also were made in the same alloy. The golden yellow colour of these coins led to the erroneous belief amongst people that they contained gold and it resulted in their large scale hoarding and melting for trinkets etc.   In October 1971 10 paise coins were made in magnesium.

      Aluminum alloy and in an entirely new shape and size cupro-nickel was introduced for the 50-paise coin and its milled edge was changed into security edge in January 1972. A slight change was made in the reverse design.  The fractional relationship of the coins with Rupee was dropped from this and all other coins.  From then onwards the denominations are mentioned only in paise on Nagari and English. This change in 3 and 5 paise coins were made in March 1972. From that nickel is used only for Rupee and Cupro Nickel for 50 paise coins. The other coins are made of aluminum magnesium alloy. The weight of the coin was reduced in the year 1985 to save metal. A New coin of 2 rupees was introduced in 1986. It was similar to the 1 rupee coin that it could be easily mistaken as the 1 rupee coin so it was withdrawn.  A new coin was introduced with a modified pattern. A coin of 5 rupees has also been introduced.

      Development oriented coins were issued till 1980 bearing a slogan.  After that slogans were dropped.  The areas of development began to be emphasized.  They are similar to the above mentioned coins in their metal content with the motifs on them relation to the subject in focus.

      Now we have come to the end of the story of the history of coins in India. It remains to be said that coins were being minted in India itself at the Government Mints at Alipur, Bombay and Hyderabad.  It they failed to meet the needs of country.  Coins began to be imported from Birmingham (England) and Korea.  The coins imported from Birmingham bear a dot below the first figure and those imported from Korea have H below the last figure of the date.  Coins minted at Bombay have a dot below the date in the center.  Hyderabad mint have a star like mark at the same place coins produced at Calcutta have no distinguish mark.  The Bombay mint exclusively issues proof sets of current coins and all commemorative issues for coin collectors.

      Commemorative Coins of India with Details

      In 1964, a new chapter was opened in the history of Indian coins. The Bombay mint undertook to issue commemorative coins of India. The initiative was taken by issuing Commemorative coins in India of the value of Rupee and 50 paise on 14 November 1964. In the memory of the Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.  Who was he first Prime Minister of India. The coins were made in pure nickel and they are in the same shape, size and weight as the current coins of India the same denominations.  They bore the bare head of Nehru to the left and the name Jawaharlal Nehru above and 1889-1964 below. The Ashoka Pillar capital Emblem is on the reverse top of the coin. We can see the value in numerals below the coin.  The capital was flanked by the word Bharat in Hindi on the left and India in English on the right and left of the numeral in the two languages.  The 50 paise coins were of two types one had the name of Nehru in English and the other in Hindi on the obverse.

      The second series of four coin in India the denominations of 10 rupees, 1 rupees, 50 paise and 20 paise were issued on 2nd October 1969. Who was the father of our nation?  In order to commemorate the birth centenary of Mahatma Gandhi.  The ten rupee coin had an alloy of 80% silver and 20% copper.  It weight is about 15 grams and 34mm in size. The other coins were of the same size, weight and metal as the coins then current of the same value. They had on obverse of the portrait head of Mahatma Gandhi with his name in Hindi and English around 1869-1948 in exergue.  The reverse was very much similar to the Nehru coins. Save that the emblem was placed in the centre instead of the top.

      A third series of four coins in India the denomination of rupees 100, 20, 5, and 50-paise. These coins were issued in 1985 on the first anniversary of the death of Indira Gandhi. They have her portrait on the obverse the reverse is very much similar to the above coins and they are made of similar alloy.

      These commemoratives are related to personalities. Coins were also issued to commemorate events from time to time. First such coins of ten rupees and twenty paise were issued on 16th October 1970 to commemorate the silver jubilee of the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations Organisation. Both coins were made up of same alloy, size, shape and weight as the Gandhi commemorative coins of the respective values on the obverse is shown a shining sun and the top flanked by the ears of grains on either side. In the centre is a full blown lotus in a pond we can see the date below the con Food for all in English and Sabke liye anna in Hindi is written below the year. The reverse is the same as the Gandhi coins in design but with different execution.

      Two cons of the denominations of Indian Rupees coin, 10-rupees and 50 paise were issued on 15th August 1972 on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of India’s Independence.  The 10 rupee coins is in quaternary alloy. It is made up of silver 50%, copper 40%, nickel 5% and Zinc 5%. It weight is about 22.5 grams.  The 50-paise coin is in cupro-nickel. It has same shape, size and weight as the coin the current of the same value.   A male and a female marching is in the obverse of the coin. The male holds the National flag. The Sansad Bhawan is shown in the back ground on the top is a super inscription in Hindi which means, 25the anniversary of Independence and the date 1947-1972 in the lower left side. The reverse is similar to Nehru coins in design but different in execution.

      On the occasion of the International children’s year, a coin of 100 rupees was issued in 1980 depicts a music and dance scene.  The Asian Games held at Delhi in 1982 at that time a set of five coins of 100, 10, 2 rupees and 25 and 10 paise were issued. We can see the historic observatory Jantar Mantar at Delhi. A set of three coin of 100 and 10 rupees and 50 paise were issued to commemorate the Golden jubilee of the Reverse Bank of India.

      A set of three coins of 100, 5-rupees and one rupee were issued on the birth centenary year of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru in 1989 with his portrait. Development oriented coins are regularly issued annually to highlight the areas of development in the country since 1973. The coin were issued first in this series were in the denominations of 20 and 10 rupees and 50 paise.  The first two coins have the same alloy. It was used for the ten rupee coins described above the 10-rupee has also the same weight, while the 20-rupee coin was introduced for the first time weighed about 30 grams. The 50 paise coins were similar in shape, size, weight and metal as the current coins of the same denomination. These coins bear on one side a vertical tablet in the centre, on which is super imposed in Hindi Adhik anna Upajao and it is equivalent to grow more food in English. The tablet is enriched by two ears of grains and the year 1973 appears at the bottom. The other side bears the Ashoka pillar emblem capital and the denomination is in Hindi and English.

      The second ‘Development oriented’ set of three coins is on the denominations of 50 and 10 rupees and 10 paise were issued on 15th August 1974. These coins bear triangle symbolizing the family planning programme and have the slogan, ‘planned families: Food for all in English and its translation Niyojit Parivar : Sabke Liye anna. The 50 rupee coin has the quaternary alloy Silver 50% copper 40% & nickel 5%. It’s weight is about 35 grams. The ten rupee has 75% copper and 25% nickel and weight 25 grams. The 10 paise coins is of the same shape, size and weight. The metal is also the current of coins in the same denomination.

      Stainless Steel Coins in India

      The coinage Policy committee constituted by the Government of India recommended the introduction of stainless steel coins. The Government after examining the Committee’s recommendations took a decision to introduce stainless steel coins in the denominations of 10 paise, 25 paise and 50 paise.  Since all coins are almost out of circulation.

      When the production of Ferritic stainless steel strips was fully indigenized by the Steel Authority of India, it resulted in reducing the cost of production of coins considerably when compared to cupronickel coins. The Noida mint became the first in minting of stainless steel coins in the country.

      Old Coin Collection in India (Hobby of collecting coins)

      Coin collection means collecting coins of various kingdoms counties different types of coin. Each and every coins has a history. It tells about the culture and civilization coin collection is one of the oldest hobbies. It was practiced by the kings and wealthy people. So that coin collecting is often known us “king of hobbies” and “Hobby of kings”.

      Hobby of collecting coins and studying its history and importance is called as Numismatic. A person who collects them is called as Numismatist. Purpose of collecting coins Student collects coins for fun and enjoy by exchange the coins to others and share the information about coins.

      Some people collects coins as a hobby and research them. Some of them invest coin with the hope of appreciation in value. Some people collect for it intrinsic bullion value and other because of its rare value.

      Indian coin Collection

      Numismatics world is very vast. In ancient time coins were began in Greece and it started to achieve perfection. Importance of numismatics is to recognize the ancient history of coin. It not only covers the materials of coins made. It say the ambit source of coin materials.  This includes the forms from where the coins are taken, its weight, technique of manufacture and designs.

      Numismatics includes the study of organization and control of coin production and circulation by the government authority.  The size and frequency of issues and metallic values and monetary are attached to the coins. The coins are the source of a study of the political, administrative, social, economic, religious and cultural life of the people denotes the history of particular period.

      Indian coins were started during the period of 1st millennium of BCE which belongs to the 6th century. They were made of copper and silver in the initial stage. It is also called as Karshapanas or Pana.

      The ancient Indian coins standard weights are indispensable. The basic metric system of north India was Rati seed. In south India people use their monetary system in the form of seeds of indigenous origin that is Manjadi and Kalanju or Molucca bean. The earliest Kushana coins were issued by the king of Kujula Kadphises in copper.

      Royal Coin Mints in India For Coins (Coins Made in India) with Details

      Coin mints usually mark the coin with some mark (such as a circle, dot, star, and diamond) or some letter or English alphabet that helps to identify the coin from which the coin was struck. Usually each mint has a distinguishing mark called mint mark.

      Government of India organizes Security printing & minting Corporation of India Ltd. (SPMCIL). It is authorized by the Government agency which casts or stamps coins called as mint.  The Government has authority to decide how many coin have to mint.  

      There are four different coin mints in India. They are Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad and Noida. India inherited two British mints they are Bombay (Mumbai) and Calcutta (Kolkata) in 1947. Government of India has taken the Nizam’s mint at Hyderabad after the Federal Financial Integration of State in 1950. The Government has decided to mint the fourth because of the increasing the demand.  The Noida mint came in to being. British Mint at Madras was operative along with Mumbai and Calcutta in the year of 1835 and 1837. Mint at Madras was closed down in 1867 the other two remained functional. After the independence of India, India was partitioned. Lahore Mint came under the control of Pakistan.

      The British ruled over Indian Territory by separating in to three presidencies.  They are Bombay, Calcutta and Madras.  Each presidency has its own coins in local Indian types. The first Mint was established by British at Madras in 1640.  The second mint was established at Bombay in 1671 and the third mint at Calcutta in 1759 to 60. In the years of 1824 to 1829 they established two big mints at Bombay and Calcutta by replacing the old ones.

      Mumbai Mint or Bombay Mint in English

      The Mumbai mint was earlier known as Bombay mint. The Mumbai Mint was established in 1830AD. The first coin was struck only in October 1830. The machinery installed here was same to that of the London mint. The building was built away from the area of a reclaimed sea at bollard pier in the Bombay harbor. The branch of the Royal mint of Landon was opened at the Bombay mint with the object of coining the British sovereign in India during the year 1918 to 1919. The Gold coinage began in August 1918 and 12,95,372 sovereigns were coined during the year. The branch of royal mint was closed in 1919.

      In India Gold cannot be privately refined so gold in India is a controlled commodity. There are many private Gold refineries in the country prior to 1968. Mumbai mint is only licenced Gold refinery in the country at present. All the private Gold refineries have been closed under the gold control act of 1968.

      Besides the domestic coinage the Mumbai mint undertaking minting order from foreign governments. It struck blanks and coins for many countries includes Britain, Australia, Egypt and Greece during the years of 1818 to 1947.

      But recently due to increasing domestic demands of Coins, India had to place orders with certain foreign countries for blanks for domestic use.

      Mumbai Mint has completed its 150 years of existence with a glorious past in 1980.  It was one of the oldest mints of India. This mint was controlled by his Excellency the Governor of Bombay presidency first then it was transferred to the Government of India. The first mint at Mumbai was set up by Governor Aungier for the coinage of rupees, paise. The Mumbai Mint rupee was first coined in the year 1672. These coins were minted in the Mumbai castle, now INS Angre near Townhall. A water tank was located where now stands the multi storied building of the Reserve Bank of India. Mumbai Mint was constructed between the year of 1824 and 1830 by capt. John Hawkins FRS of Bombay Engineer Mr. James Farish was appointed as the master of mint from January 1830. For many years, 1,50,000 coins were produced daily on three steam engines in their mint.

      Mr. Col Ballard became the Master of Mumbai Mint in the year 1863. He was the most famous British Master of the Mint he reclaimed the land from the sea which is known as Ballard Estate Due to his memory the name was given to this estate. The Production of commemorative coins were started in the year 1964. In 1830 the first coin was minted. The first commemorative coin was minted in the memory of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.

      The mint at Mumbai is the principal mint of India to strike commemorative coins. Proof coins are specially struck with great care. Of the four Indian Mints, Mumbai specialises in these coins. The orders for proof coins and uncirculated coins (especially polished and high quality coins for numismatists) are executed by the Mumbai mint only.

      Do you know that Mumbai mint is the only mint that manufactures and supplies these weights to the whole country? Similarly, the measuring rot that you see at cloth shops also comes from the Mumbai mint only.

      There is an important medal section in the Mumbai mint which undertakes the production of medals for the Ministry of Defence, which means the medals which defence officers wear on their chest come from the Mumbai mint. Asia Games were held in the year of 1982 in India. Gold, Silver and Bronze medal were Struck in this mint by striking the commemorative coins for the event. The average daily production of the mint is 30 lakh pieces of coin. The Reserve bank India places an annual Indent for minting coins with each mint. The Mumbai coin had a dot below the date line but now there is Diamond as the mint mart.

      Kolkata Mint of India (Calcutta Mint or Alipore Mint)

      Kolkata Mint, earlier known as Calcutta mint. It is the second important mint of India. The first Calcutta Mint was established in 1759 - 60. Calcutta Mint was producing coins with mint name Murshidabad at that time. The modern machinery was brought from England in 1790. It was originally built at Strand Road in 1829. Later, it was shifted to its present location at Alipore in 1952.

      In addition to the domestic coinage, the mint had undertaken coinage orders from Nepal, Bhutan and the erstwhile state of Sikkim. There is a well-established Medal Section that strikes medals for film awards, civilian, military gallantry awards instituted by the Government of India, like the Bharat Ratna, Param Vir Chakra etc. The mint also strikes commemorative coins.

      The second Calcutta Mint was established at the site of Gillet ship building establishment which was taken over by the stamp and stationary committee in 1833. All the coins issued from this mint are in the name of Murshidabad Mint and all bearing same year AH 1204.

      The foundation of 3rd Calcutta Mint was laid on the strand Road on March 1824. It was opened for production from 1st August 1829. All the coins issued from this mint are also in the name of Murshidabad Mint. This mint was named as “silver mint”. At the starting time the coinage production capacity was varying between 3 lakhs and 6 lakhs pieces per day. In 1860 annexe known as copper Mint was built to the north of the Silver mint intended for copper coinage. Both silver Mint and copper Mint used to function side by side and production were Bronze, Silver and Gold coins.

      Silver Mint and copper mint were well equipped by the coining presses supplied by Boulton and Watt of Soha, Birmingham, England apart from minting of coins another important function of the Kolkata mint was the manufacturing of Medals and decorations during British regime, which is still continuing In addition to home consumption of coinage, Calcutta mint produced coins for countries and estates within and outside India. In 1930 it decided to build a new Mint at Alipore and the foundation work had been completed by early 1942. The construction was interrupted due to 2nd world war. Free India was a child of 5 years. Alipore mint was opened by the honorable finance minister of Government of India Shree C.D. Deshmukh on the 19th March 1952.

      This mint was the first to have successfully processed nickel for coinage. The present daily average output of the coins of this mint is approximately 30 lakh pieces. No mint mark is struck on the coins minted at the Kolkata mint, though during the pre-independence years the coins had the alphabetical letter ‘C’ below date line as its mint mark. The Kolkata mint also has the gold assaying facility similar to the Bombay mint.

      Hyderabad Mint of India

      Federal financial Integration was consequent in April 1950.  Nizam’s Mint at Hyderabad was taken over by the Government of India. The history of the Nizam’s mint can be traced back to 1803.  The official mint was established under Nawab Skinder Jah, the third Nizam. Later on the Hyderabad mint was constructed on 13th July 1903 at Saifabad and the present Mint at Cherlapally was started on 20th August 1997 with modern machinery to produce 700 million pieces of coins and 950 Million pieces of blanks to meet the growing demand. Mint has crossed many milestones during its past 100 eventful years of its existence. They have earned the reputation of reliable and potential Mint in meeting the requirement and demand of Reserve Bank of India all the time.

      Besides coins, the mint also manufactures badges, bank and treasury tokens, etc. for state government departments and other institutions. Now its average daily production is about 13lakh pieces besides minting coins blank.  No commemorative coins are struck at this mint.

      During the period 1835-1947, mints and Kolkata and Mumbai, simultaneously minted coins of similar designs.  In the early period of Queen Victoria there was no mint-mark on coins.  However, an asterisk is used as the mint-mark on the Hyderabad coins, below the date line.

      Noida Mint of India

      The new mint at Noida is the first mint to be established by the Government of India in the post-independence period. Noida mint was established in the year 1984. The project was sanctioned by the Government in January 1986 at an estimated cost of Rs 30 crores. This mint produces 2,000 million pieces of coins every year.  This mint was setup to increase the production of coins at to meet the demand and supply. The setting up of the Noida mint was a project of urgency to enable the Government to exercise its sovereign function of minting, and make coins available to the citizens in sufficient number.  The Noida coins have a dot as their mint mark.

      The mint had gone into production with the minting of stainless steel coins for the first increased productivity by installing most modern and sophisticated high speed coining presses with mechanized feeding arrangements, well-equipped tool and die making shop. At present, Noida Mint is minting foreign coins in addition to domestic coins. The mint mainly has a die section, coining, coin counting and a workshop. The mint currently only strikes one-rupee coins in steel, though it used to mint coins of lower denominations as well. However, coin blanks are procured from the outside sources. The mint does not have any gold assaying facility either.

      Latest technology and methods are adopted at Noida Mint. This new coining press printed at a speed of 600 to 650 coins per minute, while the previous generation of machines printed only 300 to 350 coins per minute.

      New coins Launched in India or Minting of Modern coins in India

      The story of Coins minting is equally interesting.  Prior to the invention of steam-powered coinage press, until early 1800s, most coin were either hand stamped with a hammer of an anvil or produced in screw type press.

      Towards the end of the fifteenth century, Europe and the rest of the world saw advances such as the introduction of machinery to produce coins. The printing press has been in use since the 1450s and its founder, Johann Gutenberg (the famous printer) worked in a mint. Coinage and printing probably had something to do with it. The coin press was similar to the printing press in many respects, but with many variations in design. The advantage of the coin press was that the coins produced by it were very consistent in quality, although the process was initially a bit slow. In modern coin operations, the alloy is first rolled into strips called fillets of the exact thickness of coins; then blank coins (planchets) are punched out of these strips. These blanks are sorted and the good ones are polished, washed and dried. After that, these are ready for printing. When printing, planchets are first run through a roller that places a raised edge or rim on the blanks. They are then weighed, and those that are either underweight or over weight are placed in a ring or roller that holds the coins and at the same time ‘reeds’ the edge with ribs. Finally, the dies stamp the designs on both the head (obverse) and tail (reverse) sides of the coins. The tail side generally bears the value and the date line.

      Finished coins are inspected and defects are removed. The good ones are weighed and counted. Thereafter, these are bagged and sent to the Reserve Bank of India for further distribution to other banks for distribution to the general public.

      Ancient Coins of India (Historical coins of India)

      Punch Marked Coins in India

      Punch Marked coins are the earliest coins of India. We have got information about the Purana Coins in the literature but we have not seen. Punch Markeed coins are in the metal of Gold, Silver and Copper. 

      Silver and Copper coins have been seen unearthed but we can see the Gold coins in literature.

      Punch Marked coins have no date, year and name of the king is not mentioned only symbols are seen. The character of these symbols are in astronomical, religious and mythological.

      The marks of the coins are sun, the elephant, cow, chariot, horse, bull, jackal, tree, tiger or lion and Dharmachakra. These were circulated in north and south India in the same time.

      These type were minted during the centuries of 6thBC to 5thBC.  During the 7th century BC merchants of Asia Minar of Lydia cites spent their own gold and silver plates with their symbols. These are the first punch marked coin. Some peoples said that these were released by china.

      Old Sangam Age Coins

      Sangam Age coins was one of the oldest coins in India. Sangam Age was started during the 3rd century BC.  We had not identified these coins up to 19th century. Sir Walter Elyet had released a book of South Indian coins in 1886. We can got the information of Sangam Age coins through this book. After him R. Krishnamoorthy had found the letters of Perumvaluthi in the coins.  He was the Editor of Dhinamalar Newspaper. Like this he identified lot. Arumugam Seetharaman of Tanjore also found lot of sangam age coins.

      Chera, Chola and Pandya coins are implementing their symbols. They are in the shapes of square, rectangle and circle. These coins are in the metals of copper, silver and lead.  Its weight is about 0.500grams - 12.5grams.

      Pallava

      Pallava dynasty is one of the most important dynasty is South India. They ruled in the period of 600 CE to 900 CE. Pallava coins were mostly round and few were in square. Its weight is about 0.5 to 10 grams. The size of this coin is about 0.5cm to 2.5cm.  The basic symbols of Pallava coins are bull, lion, svastika, flag, srivasta, ship, shank, chakra and crescent etc. Pallava coins are minted in copper, lead and bronze.

      Kushan

      Kushans were one of the tribe people they over threw the Saka power in Bactria in about 100 BC. The Kushans were under the control of Kujula Kadphises in 50AD.   The Kushans are divided into two heads. They are Kadphises group and Kanishka group. The Kanishka group coins have only Greek characters. They introduced the Iranian title “Shaonana Shao”, it is called as “King of Kings” instead of the Greek “Basileus Basileon”.

      Satavahanas

      After the death of Ashoka, Satavahana became an independent dynasty in 232BC.  Satavahana ruled this dynasty up to 227 AD. The Satavahana coins are mostly made up of lead. Silver coins are very rare to seen.  They used an alloy of silver and copper, it is called as “potin”.  Lot of copper coins are also available.

      The one side of Satavahana coin have the figure of an elephant, horse, lion or Chaitya.  It has Ujjain symbol ie. Cross with four circles at the end of the two crossing lines on the other side of the coin.

      Gupta Kings

      Gupta Kings period is about 300AD to 550 AD. The Gupta coins are mostly made up of Gold.  They issued silver and copper coins also. After the Chandragupta II period the silver coins were issued. Gupta Gold coin have many types and varieties.  We can see king standing and making oblations before and alter, playing the veena, performing asvamedha sacrifice, riding a horse, riding an elephant, slaying a lion or a tiger or a rhinoceros with a sword or bow, or sitting on a couch on one side.  We can see the goddess Lakshmi seated on a throne or a lotus seat, or the figure of the queen herself on the other side.They have Sanskrit inscriptions. It appears on Indian coins for the first time.

      Western Satraps

      The Western Satraps had the dominion in Western India.  It comprising Malwa, Gujarat and Kathiawar. The western Satraps coins have great historical importance.  The period about 78AD.  The coins of the Western Satraps have the head of the king on one side.  They carry the device of the Buddhist Chaitya or Stupa on the other side.

      Varadhanas

      The Varadhanas of Taneshwar and Kanauj were reason for turning out the Hun invaders from India. Harsha was their most powerful kings. Their empire is comprised almost the whole of Northern India.

      The one side of Vardhana silver coin have the head of the king and on the other side we can see the figure of a peacock. Harshavardhana coins are reckoned in a new era. They belong to the period of 606 AD. This is the year of his coronation.

      Rajput Dynasties

      Rajput dynasties coins were mostly made up of gold. Copper or bullion are also available. Silver coins are very rare. Rajput coinage are of two types. One type shows the name of the king in Sanskrit on one side. We can found a goddess on the other side.

      Indian Coins List Or Selling price of Old India coins

      Old Indian Coin List: Price and Value

      If you have ever stumbled upon old Indian coins, you may be curious about their value and price. Collecting old coins can be fascinating, and understanding their worth adds another layer of excitement to this hobby. In this blog post, we will delve into the world of old Indian coins, exploring their value and price.

      Old Indian coins hold historical significance and are sought after by collectors and enthusiasts alike. These coins come in various denominations and designs, each with its own unique story to tell. Whether you have inherited a collection of old coins or stumbled upon one during your travels, determining their value can be an intriguing endeavor.

      The value of old Indian coins is influenced by factors such as rarity, historical significance, condition, and demand among collectors. To assess the value of a coin, collectors often refer to a comprehensive old Indian coin list that provides insights into the rarity and significance of each coin. This list serves as a valuable resource for enthusiasts looking to understand the worth of their coin collection.

      When it comes to determining the price of old Indian coins, collectors consider market trends, auction results, and the overall demand for specific coins. Factors such as the coin's condition, year of minting, and historical context play a pivotal role in establishing its price in the numismatic market.

      For individuals looking to buy or sell old Indian coins, understanding their value and price is crucial. Whether you are a seasoned collector or a novice enthusiast, having access to reliable information about old Indian coins can greatly enhance your experience in this captivating hobby.

      As you navigate the world of old Indian coins, it's important to approach the valuation and pricing process with diligence and care. Seeking guidance from experienced collectors and numismatic experts can provide valuable insights into the intricate world of old coin valuation.

      In conclusion, old Indian coins possess a timeless allure, and understanding their value and price adds depth to the art of coin collection. By referring to a comprehensive old Indian coin list and staying informed about market trends, enthusiasts can embark on a rewarding journey of exploring the historical and monetary significance of these fascinating artifacts.

      Whether you are captivated by the history encapsulated within old Indian coins or simply intrigued by their numismatic value, delving into this realm offers a blend of historical discovery and financial insight.

      Stay tuned for more captivating insights into the world of numismatics and the allure of old Indian coins. Happy collecting!

      Popular Old Indian Coins and Their Selling Prices

      Below are some examples of rare and valuable coins with their approximate selling prices (subject to market demand and condition):

      Coin Name / Type Year Metal Approx. Value (INR) Remarks
      One Rupee George VI Coin 1947 Silver ₹2,000 – ₹50,000 Highly collectible British coin
      One Rupee King George V 1918 Silver ₹5,000 – ₹1,00,000 Rare silver coin
      Queen Victoria Half Rupee 1897 Silver ₹10,000 – ₹80,000 British India collectible
      Akbar Silver Rupee 1600s Silver ₹20,000 – ₹2,00,000 Mughal era rarity
      Jahangir Gold Mohur 1620 Gold ₹3,00,000 – ₹10,00,000+ Rare Mughal coin
      5 Rupee Commemorative Coin 1985 Nickel ₹100 – ₹500 Common collector’s coin
      1 Rupee Coin (Naya Paisa series) 1957 Nickel ₹50 – ₹1,000 Early Republic coin
      10 Rupee Silver Coin (Mahatma Gandhi Centenary) 1969 Silver ₹2,000 – ₹15,000 Popular RBI issue
      20 Paise Lotus Coin 1970 Nickel ₹100 – ₹800 Symbolic coin
      1 Rupee British India Coin 1939 Silver ₹10,000 – ₹5,00,000 One of the rarest coins

      💡 Note: Coin prices fluctuate based on condition (Fine, Very Fine, Extremely Fine, or Uncirculated), metal purity, and collector demand.

      List of FAQs About Indian Coins – A Complete Historical and Numismatic Overview

      India’s coinage history is one of the most fascinating in the world, reflecting the nation’s long journey through ancient empires, medieval kingdoms, colonial rule, and modern independence. The evolution of Indian coins tells the story of trade, art, religion, and power over more than 2,500 years. This comprehensive list of frequently asked questions (FAQs) about Indian coins explores their history, types, metals, and cultural significance—from ancient punch-marked coins to today’s commemorative and digital coins.

      1. What is the origin of coinage in India?

      The earliest known coins in India date back to the 6th century BCE, during the Mahajanapada period. These coins, known as Punch-Marked Coins (PMCs), were made of silver or copper and featured symbols punched onto the surface rather than engraved. They represented trade, value, and royal authority in kingdoms like Magadha, Kashi, Avanti, and Kosala. These were among the first metallic currencies used in South Asia.

      2. What were Punch-Marked Coins and why were they important?

      Punch-Marked Coins are the oldest form of Indian coins, typically irregular in shape and made from silver or copper. Each coin bore multiple symbols—such as the sun, animals, trees, or geometric patterns—punched into it using small dies. These symbols represented issuing authorities or trade guilds. Their circulation helped facilitate trade and taxation in ancient India and laid the foundation for the monetary system.

      3. How did coinage evolve during the Maurya Empire?

      The Maurya Empire (321–185 BCE) standardized coinage across a vast territory. Silver punch-marked coins issued under Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka symbolized imperial control and economic stability. The coins were uniform in weight, showcasing the empire’s administrative efficiency. This period marked the beginning of state-issued coins and widespread monetary use for taxation and commerce.

      4. What changes occurred in coins during the Indo-Greek and Kushan periods?

      The Indo-Greek kings (2nd century BCE–1st century CE) introduced Hellenistic art to Indian coinage. Their coins depicted realistic portraits of rulers and deities, with Greek inscriptions on one side and Indian languages on the other. Later, the Kushan Empire (1st–3rd century CE), under Kanishka, produced gold coins featuring images of deities from both Indian and Greek pantheons, symbolizing cultural fusion and trade prosperity across Central Asia.

      5. How did the Gupta Empire influence Indian coin design?

      The Gupta Empire (320–550 CE) ushered in the Golden Age of Indian Coinage. Gupta coins were primarily made of gold and displayed exceptional artistic skill. Coins featured kings performing rituals, hunting lions, or holding weapons, along with goddess figures like Lakshmi and Durga. The inscriptions were in Brahmi script, and the coins reflected both religious devotion and royal grandeur.

      6. What were the characteristics of South Indian coinage?

      South Indian dynasties like the Cholas, Cheras, and Pandyas developed their own distinctive coins. The Cholas issued gold and copper coins with symbols like the tiger (royal emblem), bow, and fish, representing their rule and regional identity. The Vijayanagara Empire later introduced coins with images of Hindu deities such as Vishnu and Lakshmi, promoting both religion and trade. These coins circulated widely in Southeast Asia due to maritime commerce.

      7. How did Islamic rule change Indian coinage?

      With the advent of the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526), Indian coins underwent a major transformation. The Sultans replaced images with calligraphy, featuring Arabic inscriptions of Islamic verses, rulers’ names, and mint details. Silver tankas and copper jitals became the standard currency. Under the Mughal Empire (1526–1857), coins reached new artistic heights. Emperor Akbar introduced Din-i-Ilahi coins, and Jahangir issued beautifully crafted zodiac-themed coins, blending art and faith in metal form.

      8. What are Mughal coins known for?

      Mughal coins are celebrated for their artistry, inscriptions, and uniform standards. They were minted in gold (Mohurs), silver (Rupees), and copper (Dams). Each coin bore the ruler’s name, title, and mint location. Shah Jahan’s coins reflected elegance, while Aurangzeb’s featured Quranic verses. These coins became models for later Indian and British issues, showcasing precision and aesthetic refinement.

      9. What impact did the British have on Indian coinage?

      The British East India Company (1600–1858) introduced modern minting techniques and standardized currency. Early coins featured Mughal designs, but by the 19th century, British monarchs appeared on coins. The introduction of the Rupee system in silver and copper replaced regional currencies. After 1858, during the British Raj, coins bore portraits of Queen Victoria, King Edward VII, George V, and George VI. Denominations were standardized across India, and mints were established in Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras.

      10. When did independent India issue its first coins?

      After gaining independence in 1947, India introduced its first national coinage in 1950, replacing British designs with symbols of sovereignty. The Lion Capital of Ashoka became the official emblem. Early coins were made in annas and paise, following the pre-decimal system (1 Rupee = 16 annas). The coins reflected the spirit of a newly independent nation.

      11. What is decimalization in Indian coins?

      India adopted the decimal coinage system on April 1, 1957, simplifying the currency structure. The rupee was divided into 100 paise, and new coins were introduced in denominations like 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 paise. These coins, made of nickel and aluminum, symbolized modernization and uniformity in monetary transactions.

      12. What metals are used in modern Indian coins?

      Over time, Indian coins have been minted from various metals—silver, copper, nickel, aluminum, brass, and stainless steel. Earlier silver and nickel coins were replaced with cheaper alloys due to rising costs. Today’s coins are made primarily from stainless steel and nickel-brass, ensuring durability and cost efficiency.

      13. What are commemorative coins?

      Commemorative coins are issued to honor important events, personalities, or national milestones. Since independence, India has released coins featuring figures like Mahatma Gandhi, Sardar Patel, Indira Gandhi, and Rabindranath Tagore, as well as themes such as Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Commonwealth Games, and space achievements. These coins are collector’s items, minted in limited numbers by the India Government Mint.

      14. How can you identify rare or valuable Indian coins?

      The value of an Indian coin depends on its age, metal composition, rarity, mint mark, and historical significance. Coins from the British era, Mughal period, and early Republic years are highly sought after. Look for coins with errors, limited mint runs, or discontinued denominations—they often fetch high prices among collectors.

      15. What are mint marks and where are they located?

      Mint marks indicate the mint where a coin was produced. In Indian coins, these symbols appear below the date:

      • ● (Dot) – Mumbai Mint

      • ♦ (Diamond) – Mumbai Mint (newer coins)

      • ★ (Star) – Hyderabad Mint

      • No mark – Kolkata Mint

      • Mint mark below year with symbol “S” – Noida Mint
        Understanding mint marks helps identify coin origin and authenticity.

      16. What is the role of the Reserve Bank of India in coin issuance?

      The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) manages currency circulation, while the Government of India is responsible for coin minting. The RBI ensures coin supply, distribution, and withdrawal as per economic demand. The actual production occurs in mints located in Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad, and Noida, operating under the Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India Limited (SPMCIL).

      17. What are some rare Indian coins collectors look for?

      Some of the most valuable Indian coins include:

      • One Rupee Coin (1911) with King George V’s portrait error (without crown).

      • Half Anna (1939) made from nickel-brass.

      • 2 Rupee Coin (1994) commemorating the 75th year of Jallianwala Bagh.

      • 10 Rupee Bimetallic Coins from limited mint runs.
        These coins hold high numismatic value and are prized in auctions and private collections.

      18. Are old Indian coins legal tender today?

      No. Many older coins—especially those from before decimalization (pre-1957) and obsolete denominations—are no longer legal tender. However, they remain valuable for collectors. The RBI periodically issues notices declaring which coins remain valid for circulation.

      19. What are digital and commemorative coin trends in India?

      With technological advancement, India is exploring digital currency under the Digital Rupee initiative, complementing traditional coinage. Meanwhile, the demand for collector’s coins remains strong, with the government issuing themed coins celebrating India’s scientific, cultural, and historical milestones.

      20. Why are Indian coins important for historians and collectors?

      Indian coins offer invaluable insights into economic systems, dynastic reigns, trade routes, religious beliefs, and artistic trends across centuries. For collectors, they represent tangible links to India’s past. Each coin—whether an ancient punch-marked piece or a modern commemorative issue—tells a story of transition, resilience, and national identity.

      Conclusion

      From the earliest Punch-Marked Coins of the Mahajanapadas to the sleek stainless-steel coins of modern India, the country’s coinage history reflects its cultural evolution and economic progress. Every period—Maurya, Gupta, Mughal, British, and Republic—added unique artistry and significance to Indian currency. Studying these coins helps trace the transformation of India’s political, social, and economic fabric over millennia.

      Indian coins are more than monetary instruments—they are symbols of history cast in metal, preserving the essence of empires, religions, and revolutions. Whether you’re a historian, numismatist, or enthusiast, exploring India’s coinage offers a journey through time, artistry, and national pride.

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      Ten or 10 Rupes
      Twenty or 20 Rupees
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      List of Commemorative Coin of India
      Ten or 10 Paise Commemorative  List
      Twenty or 20 Paise Commemorative Coin of India
      Twenty Five or 25 Paise Commemorative Indian Coin List
      50 Paise Commemorative
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      Two or 2 Rupee Commemorative
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      Ten or 10 Rupees Commemorative
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      Half or 1⁄2 Rupee Silver
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      One or 1 Rupee Note Information
      Two or 2 Rupees Note List
      Five or 5 Rupees Note
      Ten or 10 Rupees Note Information
      Twenty or 20 Rupees Note
      Fifty or 50 Rupees Note
      One Hundred or 100 Rupees Note
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