1943 Half Penny Australia: Complete History, Value, Rarity & Mintage Guide

The 1943 Half Penny Australia is a fascinating World War II-era coin that continues to attract Australian pre-decimal coin collectors. Although ordinary circulated examples are relatively accessible, the coin becomes considerably more interesting when collectors examine its different mint varieties, condition, original bronze colour, errors, and surviving high-grade examples.

Issued during the reign of King George VI, the 1943 Australian half penny represents an important period in Australian monetary history. Wartime pressure placed unusual demands on Australian industry and coin production, resulting in some Australian coins being struck outside the country. This gives the 1943 half penny an additional layer of historical and numismatic interest.

For anyone searching for the 1943 Australian half penny value, mintage, rarity, mint mark, errors, or collector information, this guide covers the essential details.

1943 Australian Half Penny Quick Facts

History of the 1943 Half Penny Australia

The year 1943 was one of the most important periods of World War II. Australia was deeply involved in the conflict, and manufacturing resources were directed toward military production, transport, equipment, food supplies, and other wartime requirements.

Currency was still essential for normal economic activity. Australia's monetary system at the time was based on pounds, shillings, and pence rather than today's decimal dollars and cents.

The half penny was therefore a practical everyday denomination. Two half pennies equalled one penny, and the coin could be used for many small purchases.

Producing sufficient quantities of coins during wartime created challenges. Australian mints were dealing with increased industrial demands, while metals, labour, transportation, and manufacturing capacity were all affected by the war.

As a result, some Australian coins were produced overseas. The 1943 half penny is particularly interesting because collectors can encounter both the normal Australian-produced coin and an Indian-minted variety.

This wartime connection gives the coin historical appeal far beyond its original face value.

1943 Half Penny Mintage

Mintage is one of the first factors collectors consider when studying the rarity of a coin.

Approximately 41,025,000 regular 1943 half pennies were produced by the Melbourne Mint. These coins normally have no obvious mint mark identifying Melbourne.

A further approximately 6,000,000 half pennies carrying an “I” mint mark were produced in India.

This creates an estimated combined production of approximately:

47,025,000 coins

The lower mintage of the 1943-I variety makes it especially interesting to collectors, although mintage alone does not determine value.

The number of surviving coins, condition, demand, strike quality, colour, and scarcity within individual grades can be equally important.

How to Identify a 1943 Melbourne Half Penny

The Melbourne issue is generally the most commonly encountered 1943 Australian half penny.

Collectors can identify it primarily by the absence of the distinctive “I” mint mark found on the Indian issue.

The obverse features the bare head portrait of King George VI facing left.

The surrounding inscription identifies the monarch and his titles.

Because millions of these coins entered circulation, many surviving examples display wear. The highest points of King George VI's portrait are often among the first areas to lose detail.

On well-preserved examples, facial features, hair detail, lettering, rims, and other design elements should remain sharp.

What Is the 1943-I Half Penny?

The 1943-I Australian half penny is one of the most searched varieties of the year.

The letter “I” appears beneath the King's portrait, indicating production in India.

With an estimated mintage of around 6 million pieces, the 1943-I has a considerably smaller mintage than the regular Melbourne issue.

That does not automatically make every 1943-I coin extremely valuable. Many circulated pieces remain obtainable.

However, collectors frequently pay stronger premiums for attractive examples with sharp details, minimal marks, and significant original mint colour.

Finding a high-grade 1943-I can be much more challenging than finding a heavily circulated example.

Design of the 1943 Australian Half Penny

The design of the 1943 half penny is one of the reasons the coin remains instantly recognizable among collectors.

The obverse shows King George VI, whose portrait was designed by Thomas Humphrey Paget.

The reverse features a dynamic kangaroo design created by George Kruger Gray.

The kangaroo appears in motion, creating a distinctly Australian appearance. The denomination HALF PENNY, the word AUSTRALIA, the date 1943, and other design details complete the reverse.

The kangaroo design helped establish a stronger Australian identity for the denomination compared with some earlier half pennies.

1943 Half Penny Australia Value in 2026

There is no single fixed price for a 1943 Australian half penny.

Condition has a major influence on value. A worn coin may be inexpensive, while an exceptional uncirculated example retaining substantial original red bronze colour can command a much larger premium.

Approximate collector ranges in Australian dollars may look like this:

These figures should be treated as general collector estimates rather than guaranteed selling prices.

Exceptional coins, particularly professionally graded pieces with strong original red colour, can exceed typical catalogue-style estimates.

Is the 1943 Australian Half Penny Rare?

The normal 1943 Melbourne half penny is not considered rare simply by date because more than 41 million were produced.

However, rarity changes dramatically when condition is considered.

Finding a worn 1943 half penny is relatively easy compared with finding a sharply struck coin that has survived for more than eight decades without significant wear, cleaning, corrosion, scratches, or environmental damage.

The 1943-I variety has a much smaller mintage and can attract additional collector attention.

High-grade coins with original mint brilliance are the examples most likely to generate stronger competition.

Therefore, the correct question is not simply, “Is a 1943 half penny rare?”

Collectors should ask:

How rare is this particular 1943 half penny in its present condition and variety?

That distinction is extremely important in numismatics.

Bronze Colour and Collector Value

Original colour can have a major impact on the value of bronze coins.

When newly produced, Australian bronze coins displayed attractive reddish or orange-copper tones. Over decades of exposure to air, moisture, handling, and circulation, bronze normally darkens.

Collectors and professional grading companies often describe bronze coins using categories such as:

Brown (BN) – Most or all original red colour has changed to brown.

Red-Brown (RB) – A mixture of original red and developed brown colour remains.

Red (RD) – A significant amount of original mint-red colour survives.

High-grade 1943 half pennies classified as Red can command considerably stronger premiums because maintaining original colour for more than 80 years is difficult.

Artificial cleaning should not be used to create a brighter appearance. Cleaning normally reduces numismatic desirability.

1943 Half Penny Errors and Varieties

Collectors should examine 1943 half pennies carefully because genuine minting varieties and errors can be significantly more valuable than ordinary coins.

One recognized area of interest is doubled-die characteristics, where portions of letters or other design details may show genuine doubling created during die production.

Other possible minting errors can include:

• Off-centre strikes

• Misaligned dies

• Brockage errors

• Die cracks

• Cuds

• Lamination flaws

• Unusual striking defects

• Significant mistrikes

Not every unusual-looking mark is a mint error.

Damage caused after a coin entered circulation—including scratches, flattening, corrosion, dents, filing, heat damage, or chemical exposure—should not be confused with genuine minting errors.

Major errors should ideally be authenticated by an experienced numismatist or professional grading service before a premium price is assigned.

How Condition Changes the Value

Coin grading measures the amount of wear and preservation remaining on a coin.

A heavily circulated 1943 half penny may show flattened details across the King's portrait and kangaroo.

A Fine or Very Fine example retains more detail but still shows obvious circulation wear.

An Extremely Fine coin shows only limited wear on the highest points.

About Uncirculated coins may display only slight evidence of handling.

True Uncirculated coins should show no circulation wear, although they may contain contact marks or other imperfections caused during storage and handling.

At the upper end of the grading scale, differences that appear small to inexperienced collectors can produce large differences in market value.

Should You Clean a 1943 Half Penny?

Collectors should generally avoid cleaning old coins.

A dark brown 1943 half penny with natural surfaces can be significantly more desirable than the same coin after aggressive polishing.

Cleaning can leave microscopic scratches, remove natural patina, alter colour, and reduce collector demand.

Do not use metal polish, abrasive powders, acids, household chemicals, toothpaste, wire brushes, or other cleaning materials.

Natural surfaces are an important part of a historic coin's originality.

How to Store a 1943 Half Penny

Proper storage can protect a coin from further deterioration.

Use coin holders made from archival-safe materials and keep coins in a stable, dry environment.

Avoid touching the main surfaces. If handling is necessary, hold the coin gently by its edges.

Moisture, fingerprints, chemicals, PVC-containing plastics, and extreme temperature changes can damage bronze coins over time.

Better preservation today can protect both historical interest and potential future collector value.

Is the 1943 Half Penny a Good Collectible Coin?

The 1943 Australian half penny offers several features collectors appreciate: wartime history, recognizable Australian design, multiple mint varieties, affordable circulated examples, and challenging high-grade specimens.

It can therefore suit both beginning collectors and advanced specialists.

Beginners can obtain an ordinary circulated example without spending heavily, while experienced collectors can search for high-grade coins, original red pieces, certified examples, errors, and the 1943-I variety.

This broad range of collecting possibilities helps maintain continued interest in the date.

Investment Potential

Collectible coins should not be viewed as guaranteed investments.

Their market values depend on collector demand, rarity, grade, authenticity, economic conditions, and the quality of individual specimens.

For the 1943 half penny, the strongest long-term collector interest is generally associated with coins offering characteristics such as exceptional condition, original colour, recognized varieties, important errors, or reputable professional certification.

Buying ordinary coins solely because they are old does not automatically create investment potential.

Quality and genuine scarcity usually matter more than age alone.

Frequently Asked Questions

How much is a 1943 Australian half penny worth?

Ordinary circulated examples may be worth only a few Australian dollars, while high-grade uncirculated pieces can sell for much more. Exceptional red coins and major authenticated errors may command substantially higher premiums.

What is the mintage of the 1943 Australian half penny?

Approximately 41,025,000 regular Melbourne coins were struck, while approximately 6,000,000 1943-I coins were produced in India, giving a combined total of around 47,025,000.

Where is the mint mark on a 1943 half penny?

The Indian-minted variety carries a small “I” beneath the portrait of King George VI. The regular Melbourne issue does not carry this “I” mint mark.

Is the 1943 half penny made of silver?

No. The 1943 Australian half penny is a bronze coin, not a silver coin.

What makes a 1943 half penny valuable?

Important factors include condition, mint variety, original colour, strike quality, certified grade, genuine minting errors, and overall collector demand.

Should I clean an old 1943 half penny?

Generally, no. Cleaning can permanently alter the surface and reduce its numismatic value.

Final Thoughts

The 1943 Half Penny Australia is an excellent example of how an apparently ordinary circulation coin can tell a much larger historical story.

Produced during World War II, the coin connects Australia's pre-decimal currency system with wartime manufacturing, overseas mint production, King George VI, and one of Australia's most recognizable numismatic designs.

With approximately 41.025 million Melbourne coins and 6 million 1943-I coins, the date is not exceptionally rare in ordinary circulated condition. Yet high-grade examples, coins retaining significant original red colour, authentic mint errors, and particularly desirable 1943-I specimens can be much harder to locate.

For collectors, the 1943 Australian half penny offers an appealing combination of affordability, history, variety, and condition-based rarity. Whether discovered in an inherited collection or deliberately purchased for a specialized Australian pre-decimal set, it remains a fascinating piece of Australia's wartime numismatic heritage.

List of 1943 Half Penny Australia Value (2026 Updated)

The 1943 Australia Half Penny is a popular pre-decimal bronze coin issued during the reign of King George VI and remains one of the most affordable World War II Australian coins for collectors. The coin features the portrait of King George VI on the obverse and the iconic leaping kangaroo designed by George Kruger Gray on the reverse. During 1943, half pennies were produced at the Melbourne Mint (no mint mark) and the Bombay Mint in India (identified by the "I" mint mark beneath the King's bust). Struck in 97.5% copper, 2% zinc, and 0.5% tin, the coin weighs 5.67 grams and measures 25.5 mm in diameter. Most circulated examples remain inexpensive, while attractive Mint State coins, especially the scarcer Bombay "I" variety with original red surfaces, command significant premiums in today's collector market.

1943 Australia Half Penny Value Table (2026)

1943 Australia Half Penny Specifications

1943 Australia Half Penny Price Guide by Grade

Factors Affecting the 1943 Australia Half Penny Value

2026 Collector's Summary

The 1943 Australia Half Penny is an excellent addition to any Australian pre-decimal coin collection. Common circulated Melbourne examples are inexpensive and easy to obtain, while the Bombay "I" Mint variety is more desirable due to its lower mintage. High-grade Mint State coins with original red surfaces are increasingly difficult to locate and can sell for several hundred Australian dollars, making them attractive long-term collectibles.

Note: The prices listed above represent estimated 2026 retail market values. Actual selling prices may vary depending on the coin's condition, mint variety, originality, certification, rarity, eye appeal, and current collector demand.

2. The Historical Context: Australia During World War II

• Australia in 1943: The War Economy

  • In 1943, Australia was deeply immersed in the Second World War, which had a significant impact on the economy and daily life. The Australian government had to manage resources carefully, which affected everything from manufacturing to coinage production.

  • During the war, there was a major shortage of copper and other materials that were crucial for coin minting, and this scarcity led to changes in the production and material composition of currency.

• Impact on Currency Production

  • The Royal Australian Mint, which was still relatively young at the time, faced the challenge of continuing coin production despite these limitations. While large denominations like the half sovereign were phased out, smaller coins such as the half penny remained essential for everyday transactions.

  • The decision to mint coins in 1943, despite shortages, was a testament to the importance of maintaining a functional economy even during the pressures of global conflict.

3. Design and Features of the 1943 Half Penny Australia

• Obverse (Front) Design

  • The obverse of the 1943 Half Penny features the portrait of King George VI, who reigned over Australia during World War II. The portrait was created by Percy Metcalfe, a British artist whose design was used across many Commonwealth coins during the era.

  • The legend surrounding the king’s image reads “GEORGE VI KING EMPEROR,” reflecting the British Empire's influence over Australia at the time.

• Reverse (Back) Design

  • The reverse side of the coin is arguably its most iconic feature. It features a kangaroo, which is symbolic of Australia’s national identity. The kangaroo, depicted in a naturalistic style, is bounding across the Australian outback.

  • The design was chosen not only for its national significance but also as a representation of Australia’s vast landscape and wildlife.

  • The year of minting, "1943," is inscribed along the bottom edge of the reverse, making it clear when the coin was produced.

• Mint Marks and Variations

  • The 1943 Half Penny comes with a variety of mint marks. Some coins feature the “PL” mint mark, indicating they were minted in Melbourne. Others were produced at the Royal Mint in London. These variations can influence a coin’s value, with some mint marks being rarer than others.

  • Collectors and investors often pay close attention to these marks when evaluating the rarity and authenticity of the coin.

4. Composition and Minting Process of the 1943 Half Penny

• Material Composition

  • The 1943 Half Penny was minted from bronze, a common material used in Australian coinage at the time. Its composition consisted of 95% copper, 4% tin, and 1% zinc.

  • This material was chosen to maintain the production of coins at a time when more expensive materials were in short supply due to the ongoing war.

• Minting and Production

  • The coin was produced using traditional minting techniques, with the dies and presses being operated by skilled workers at the Royal Australian Mint.

  • In total, millions of 1943 Half Pennies were minted, but the war and economic conditions meant that fewer survived in pristine condition, making it more valuable today.

5. Rarity and Collectibility of the 1943 Half Penny

• Mintage Numbers and Scarcity

  • The 1943 Half Penny was produced in large quantities, but despite this, many of these coins have been lost over the decades due to wear, circulation, and natural disasters.

  • While it was not the rarest of coins, its scarcity today—especially in good condition—makes it highly desirable among collectors.

• Why It’s Considered Rare

  • The rarity of the 1943 Half Penny can be attributed to several factors. First, the overall low survival rate of coins in circulation during the war. Many were used extensively and lost their value quickly.

  • Additionally, certain mint marks and condition grades make specific versions of the coin rarer than others. The unblemished examples of the 1943 Half Penny are particularly prized by collectors and command high prices.

6. Grading the 1943 Half Penny

• Coin Grading System

  • Understanding the grade of the 1943 Half Penny is essential for collectors. Coins are typically graded on a scale ranging from Poor (P) to Mint State (MS), with many intermediate grades such as Very Fine (VF) or Extremely Fine (EF).

  • A coin’s grade is determined by factors like wear, luster, and visible damage. For instance, coins that have been in circulation for a long time tend to have a lower grade, while coins that were kept in pristine condition are valued much higher.

• How Grading Affects Value

  • The condition of the 1943 Half Penny plays a significant role in determining its market value. Coins with higher grades, such as MS65 or above, can fetch several times the price of those in lower grades like Good or Fair.

7. The Market Value of the 1943 Half Penny

• Current Value and Price Trends

  • The value of the 1943 Half Penny can vary significantly depending on factors such as the coin’s condition, mint mark, and rarity. While coins in poor condition may only be worth a few dollars, high-grade coins can sell for hundreds, or even thousands, of dollars at auction.

  • Recent auction data indicates that 1943 Half Pennies in Uncirculated Condition can fetch upwards of $500 to $1,000, with rarer mint marks or those in near-mint condition attracting even higher prices.

• Factors Influencing Coin Value

  • The demand for rare and historic coins, along with the limited supply of the 1943 Half Penny, continues to drive its value up. Additionally, collectors who specialize in World War II-era coins are particularly interested in acquiring coins from this period.

8. The Future of the 1943 Half Penny in Numismatic Collecting

• Why It Will Always Be a Coveted Item

  • The 1943 Half Penny's connection to Australia's wartime history, along with its distinctive design, guarantees its place as a long-term staple in Australian coin collections.

  • As more collectors enter the market, and as older generations of collectors retire, the demand for coins like the 1943 Half Penny is likely to continue increasing.

• Investment Potential

  • Investors seeking to diversify into rare coins view the 1943 Half Penny as a stable investment. Given its historical context and the limited number of well-preserved examples, the coin represents a sound investment with good potential for long-term growth in value.

9. Tips for Collecting and Investing in the 1943 Half Penny

• Starting Your Collection

  • For those new to coin collecting, starting with the 1943 Half Penny is an excellent entry point. Look for well-preserved examples, and consider working with reputable dealers or auction houses that specialize in Australian coins.

  • Ensure the authenticity of your coins by checking for correct mint marks and certification from professional grading companies.

• Investment Strategies

  • When purchasing the 1943 Half Penny, consider the coin’s grade and rarity. Long-term value increases with proper storage and maintenance.

  • Diversifying your collection with other rare Australian coins from the same period can also improve the value of your portfolio.

1943 Half Penny Australia: A Complete Guide to History, Value, Rarity & Numismatics (2026 Edition)

Introduction

The 1943 Australian Half Penny is a fascinating example of wartime coinage produced during one of the most challenging periods in modern history. Minted in the middle of World War II, this small bronze coin reflects the economic resilience of Australia at a time when metal shortages, global conflict, and industrial strain affected everyday life.

For collectors in 2026, the 1943 half penny continues to attract interest due to its wartime origin, multiple mint varieties, affordable entry price, and increasing condition-based rarity. This comprehensive guide answers the most frequently asked questions about the 1943 Australia half penny, covering its history, design, specifications, mint marks, rarity, values, errors, grading, and expert collecting tips.

Whether you are new to numismatics or building a specialized pre-decimal collection, this guide will help you understand why the 1943 half penny remains an important piece of Australian coin history.

Frequently Asked Questions About the 1943 Half Penny Australia

1. What is the historical significance of the 1943 Australian Half Penny?

The 1943 Australian half penny was struck during the height of World War II, a period marked by strict resource management and industrial prioritization. Despite wartime pressures, Australia continued to produce low-denomination coins to support everyday transactions.

This coin represents:

• Wartime economic continuity

• Domestic and overseas mint collaboration

• Australia’s reliance on bronze coinage during global conflict

As a true circulation coin, the 1943 half penny provides a tangible connection to civilian life during wartime Australia.

2. Who appears on the obverse of the 1943 Half Penny?

The obverse features King George VI, who reigned from 1936 to 1952.

Obverse Details:

• Left-facing bust of King George VI

• Latin legend:
  “GEORGIVS VI D:G:BR:OMN:REX”
  (George VI, by the Grace of God, King of all the Britains)

The portrait symbolizes stability and continuity of the monarchy during wartime.

3. What is shown on the reverse of the 1943 Australian Half Penny?

The reverse displays the classic Australian half penny design:

• A kangaroo facing right

• Inscription: “COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA”

• Denomination: HALF PENNY

• Year of issue: 1943

This iconic design had been used since 1911 and is closely associated with Australia’s pre-decimal coinage.

4. What metal is the 1943 Half Penny made from?

The 1943 Australian half penny is composed of bronze, consisting of:

• 97% copper

• 2.5% zinc

• 0.5% tin

This alloy gives the coin its reddish-brown appearance, which may darken due to circulation and natural toning.

5. Where was the 1943 Australian Half Penny minted?

The 1943 half penny was minted at three different locations, adding variety and interest for collectors.

Mint Locations:

1. Melbourne Mint – No mint mark

2. Perth Mint – Dot after the “Y” in PENNY

3. Bombay Mint (India) – Dot after the “Y” in PENNY

The involvement of the Bombay Mint highlights Australia’s reliance on overseas facilities during wartime.

6. How can I identify the mint mark on a 1943 Half Penny?

Mint marks are small and require close inspection:

• Melbourne: No dot after “Y”

• Perth: Small dot after the “Y” in PENNY

• Bombay: Dot after the “Y”, usually with slightly different strike characteristics

Magnification is recommended for accurate identification.

7. How many 1943 Australian Half Pennies were produced?

Approximate mintages:

• Melbourne: Over 20 million

• Perth: Several million

• Bombay: Around 30 million

While production numbers were high, most coins circulated heavily, making high-grade examples scarce.

8. Is the 1943 Half Penny Australia rare?

In circulated condition, the 1943 half penny is common. However, it becomes increasingly scarce in:

• Extremely Fine (EF) condition

• Uncirculated grades

• Red or red-brown mint condition

Condition rarity is the primary driver of value.

9. What is the value of a 1943 Australian Half Penny in 2026?

Estimated Market Values (2026):

Bombay mint and error coins can exceed these ranges.

10. Are there varieties of the 1943 Half Penny?

Yes, collectors recognize several varieties, including:

• Die cracks and cuds

• Weak or uneven strikes

• Slight variations in dot size after “Y”

• Planchet inconsistencies

These varieties appeal to advanced collectors.

11. Are there known error coins for the 1943 Half Penny?

Notable errors include:

• Off-center strikes

• Clipped planchets

• Lamination errors

• Double strikes

Major errors certified by professional graders can command high premiums.

12. How can I tell if my 1943 Half Penny is an error coin?

Look for:

• Missing or distorted design elements

• Irregular edges

• Uneven thickness

• Cracks or metal peeling

When in doubt, seek professional authentication.

13. How is the 1943 Australian Half Penny graded?

Grading factors include:

• Wear on the kangaroo and lettering

• Sharpness of King George VI’s portrait

• Surface marks and scratches

• Original color (Red, RB, Brown)

Professional grading by PCGS or NGC increases market value.

14. Should I clean my 1943 Half Penny?

No. Cleaning is strongly discouraged.

Cleaning:

• Removes original surfaces

• Reduces value dramatically

• Leaves hairline scratches

Collectors prefer original, untouched coins.

15. Is the 1943 Half Penny a good investment?

The 1943 half penny is best viewed as:

• A historical collectible

• A low-cost entry point for beginners

High-grade, certified examples offer the best long-term potential.

16. How can beginners start collecting 1943 Half Pennies?

Beginner tips:

• Start with circulated coins

• Learn mint mark identification

• Focus on eye appeal

• Upgrade gradually by condition

A three-mint set is a popular collecting goal.

17. How should I store my 1943 Australian Half Penny?

Best storage methods:

• Mylar flips or archival holders

• Dry, temperature-controlled environment

• Avoid PVC plastics and humidity

Proper storage preserves color and surfaces.

18. Why is the Bombay Mint Half Penny important?

Collectors value it for:

• Wartime overseas production

• Historical uniqueness

• Slightly different strike characteristics

It reflects Australia’s global wartime logistics.

19. How does the 1943 Half Penny compare to other wartime half pennies?

Compared to 1942 and 1944 issues:

• Similar design and metal

• Comparable mintages

• Consistent collector demand

The 1943 issue remains one of the most collected wartime dates.

20. What makes the 1943 Australian Half Penny desirable in 2026?

Collectors value it for:

• World War II historical relevance

• Multiple mint varieties

• Affordable collecting options

• Strong long-term interest in pre-decimal coins

It remains a cornerstone of Australian bronze coin collections.

10. Conclusion: The Lasting Legacy of the 1943 Half Penny Australia Coin

The 1943 Half Penny Australia coin remains one of the most iconic and collectible pieces of Australian numismatics. Its rich historical significance, rare design, and limited availability make it a prized item for collectors and investors alike. Whether you’re looking to add a unique piece to your collection or invest in a piece of Australian history, the 1943 Half Penny is a coin that will continue to hold value for years to come.

The 1943 Australian Half Penny is a small coin with big historical significance. Struck during wartime and across multiple mints, it offers collectors an accessible yet meaningful entry into Australian numismatics. While common in worn condition, high-grade and error examples are increasingly scarce and highly sought after.

For collectors in 2026, the 1943 half penny remains a rewarding coin to study, collect, and preserve—an enduring reminder of Australia’s wartime past.

*** For Buying and selling quires you can contact us to this Mail Id: gkarthikeyan2k@yahoo.com ********* Contact Us